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Post was not sent - check your email addresses! The coronary region has a germinative layer associated with papillae that is responsible for producing the horn tubules that make up the hoof wall. Also the bulb of the heel covers the entire caudal surface of the hoof and most of the plantar surface, leaving only a small area of sole visible. Between the crus and bar of each half of the sole lies the collateral sulcus. Dorsal lamellar plexus In ruminants the interdigitating lamellae are smaller and less well developed than in equids. When the limb is weight bearing, the increase in pressure and change in shape of the digital cushion and the frog compress the veins in the foot aiding venous return. The structure of hoof horn has been previously studied in different species.

The annular ligament has its origins on the medial and lateral surfaces of distal Pl. Enclosed within the hoof capsule are the bony structures – the The cartilages are securely attached to the other internal structures of the foot by a series of ligaments that extend from the medial and lateral cartilages to the distal and middle phalanx, the The distal interphalangeal joint is enclosed within the hoof capsule. The inside of the hoof is comprised of three bones: coffin bone, navicular bone, and short pastern bone. 4. The wall of the hoof is created at the coronary dermis and grows in a distal direction from the coronary dermis.

The keratin found on the sole is much more easily worn down or abraded than that of the wall of the hoof. hoof and its structures have to assist in this mechanism. In the digit of the hind limb the medial and lateral digital aa. Hoof Wall: This is the most obvious and largest external structure. It is the most superficial structure in the region, lying just beneath the skin and fusing with the The digital cushion is the internal tissue deep to the frog. The sole is circular in shape. Heel perfusion. Over a period of just a few months, forces exerted on the hoof during locomotion cause a visible difference between the right and left, as well as front and hind hooves. It is this unpigmented element of the hoof that forms the 'white line' in the sole of hoofs and is particularly important in horses as a landmark for shoeing. The frog corium overlies the digital cushion and generates the specialised soft epidermal tissues of the frog. The combination of both of these horn types ensures the horn has sufficient strength. The equine sole has a central frog structure whilst ruminants and pigs have a bulb structure to the sole. The digit of the forelimb is innervated by the medial and lateral digital nerves. This wall glides distally at a rate of 5-6mm a month and by forming epidermal laminae itself it interdigitates with the underlying dermal laminae.

There is an outer layer of thin but dense horn that is shiny and acts to reduce evaporation from the horn and therefore prevent dehydration of the other layers of the horn – the periople. The bond between the horn and the underlying dermis is a living bond that gradually allows the wall of the hoof to slide in a distal direction towards the ground where the distal border is worn away via contact with the ground. As the foot can be divided into 5 segments – Wall, coronary, periople, sole, and frog – there are 5 corresponding underlying corium. The frog is a wedge-shaped structure which sits between the bars and has an apex facing distally, with 2 crura flanking a central sulcus. The main vessels supplying the digit in the forelimb are the medial and lateral palmar digital aa, both of which arise from the median a. The sole is the area distal to the bars and apex of the frog enclosed by the hoof wall.

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